RESUMEN
Transport workers were among the most affected by the COVID-19 crisis. In several countries, public transport and delivery drivers were considered essential workers during the pandemic, while the demand changed dramatically. In this context, little is known about the actual effects of the pandemic on the lives of drivers, and whether those effects depend on the type and formality of the corresponding job. In this paper, we analyse the impact of the pandemic on the daily jobs of public transport, ride-hailing, and delivery app drivers: we study changes on working time and income, pandemic-related concerns, and deterioration of job satisfaction, through a survey applied to drivers during the first peak of the pandemic in Santiago, Chile. Probit regressions on job satisfaction identify the main COVID-related experiences that explain variations in subjective perceptions. We then discuss the implications for post-pandemic job relationships, drivers' working conditions and urban mobility. We show that the unstable characteristics of app-based jobs sharpened during the pandemic: Public transport drivers have kept their jobs, with a similar income as in the pre-pandemic situation and keep their social security, whereas ride-hailing and delivery app drivers do not have social security. Several ride-hailing drivers lost their jobs without any compensation, while delivery drivers earn less money per hour, are more exhausted, and express the greatest concerns and largest decrease in their job satisfaction. The COVID-19 crisis has emphasized that the sustainability of post-pandemic passenger and delivery on-demand services needs to rely on formal job regulation and worker protection.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN: En el contexto de cuarentena debido a la pandemia SARS-CoV-2, la odontología ha migrado a mecanismos remotos de atención para categorizar emergencias y urgencias. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia de protocolos validados de teleodontología aplicado al triaje remoto de urgencia en la literatura. Por ello, proponemos el instrumento denominado "Categorización Remota de Urgencia Dental y Asistencia" (C.R.U.D.A), aplicado a un protocolo de teleodontología. Para la construcción del protocolo, usamos la metodología de investigación-acción, un ciclo de autoreflexión frente al problema existente que buscamos solucionar, un espiral repetitivo de ciclos de planeamiento, acción, observación sistemática y reflexión, con el que fuimos perfeccionando el instrumento de forma colaborativa y rigurosa. Los objetivos del protocolo son estandarizar, optimizar y automatizar el proceso de categorización de urgencia dental gracias a su especificidad, disminuyendo el tiempo y complejidad de su aplicación a gran escala, permitiendo descongestionar el sistema de salud, y disminuir el riesgo de exposiciones innecesarias, protegiendo de esta forma al personal clínico y pacientes. Al mismo tiempo, su nivel de legibilidad permitiríamejorar la comunicación y orientación al paciente. En definitiva, el protocolo propuesto es viable y cumple con las características para optimizar el proceso de teletriaje actual, potenciando la atención personalizada entre odontólogos y pacientes. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios de aplicabilidad y validez, además de incorporar las mejoras correspondientes según los errores o defectos detectados por pacientes y cirujano dentistas.
ABSTRACT: In the context of quarantine due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, dentistry has migrated to remote care mechanisms to categorize emergencies and casualties.However, there is no evidence of validated teledentistry protocols applied to remote emergency triage in the literature. Therefore, we propose an instrument called "Remote Categorization of Dental Emergency and Assistance" (C.R.U.D.A., for its Spanish acronym), applied to a teledentistry protocol. For the construction of the protocol, we used the action-research methodology, a self-reflection cycle to solve an existing problem, a constant repetition of planning, action, systematic observation, and reflection, with which we perfected the instrument in a collaborative and rigorous way. The objectives of the protocol are to standardize, optimize and automate the process of categorization of dental emergencies thanks to its specificity, decreasing the time and complexity of its application on a large scale, allowing to decongest the health system and to diminish the risk of unnecessary exposures, thus protecting clinical staff and patients. At the same time, its level of readability would allow for improved communication and patient orientation. In short, the proposed protocol is viable and meets the characteristics to optimize the current teletriage process, enhancing personalized attention between dentists and patients. However, it is necessary to carry out applicability and validity studies, in addition to incorporating the corresponding improvements according to the errors or defects detected by patients and dental surgeons.
